2. PROXY Records

Long-duration (10 7 years) records of sea level, ice volume, and temperature over the past 50 Ma are limited to ocean sediment deposits. Although other proxy records exist (e.g., from isotope analysis of fossil tooth enamel [ Zanazzi et al., 2007 ] or sediment records from an incised river valley [ Peters et al., 2010 ]), these are of a too short duration to be included in this review. Long-term (10 7 years) records are presently limited to sequence stratigraphy records of sea level [ Miller et al., 2005a ], Mg/Ca proxy records of DST [ Lear et al., 2000 ; Billups and Schrag, 2003 ], and records of oxygen isotopes (? 18 O), which are a mixed climate signal [ Zachos et al., 2001 ]. Other proxies, such as the tetraether index (TEX₈₆) and the alkenone unsaturation index (U k? ₃₇), have been used to create intermediate-duration (10 6 years) SST records.

Sequence stratigraphy away from couch potato continental margins also have a record of regional sea level for the past 50 Ma and also stretched timescales [ Vail et al., 1977 ; Haq mais aussi al., 1987 ; Miller et al., 2005a ; Kominz et al., 2008 ]. Depositional sequences bounded from the unconformities (episodes out-of nondeposition and/otherwise surfaces from erosion) show changes in regional sea-level. [1998 , 2005a] , Kominz mais aussi al. , and you can Browning ainsi que al. ).

By accurately relationships sequences and inferring going back liquid breadth while in the depositional stages regarding lithofacies and you may biofacies models, a decimal estimate out of sea level by way of day will be composed (to have a full dialogue come across Miller et al

Vail ainsi que al. install a means for inferring around the globe sea level from the correlating sequences regarding multiple depositional basins. That it performs led to the production of the new “Haq curve,” which had been reported at the time as a global eustatic list away from sea-level [ Haq ainsi que al., 1987 ]. Miall is actually vital of your own method utilized by Haq mais aussi al. since it assumes that the matchmaking away from sequences try real adequate to accommodate correlation all over several depositional basins. Although not, along a number of the sequences is commonly lower than this mistake guess. Miall shown one to sequences fashioned with a random matter generator with a comparable ages problems you may build a good relationship to your Haq curve. It’s unclear perhaps the sequences are the consequence of a good around the globe sea level rule otherwise made by regional procedure, while making correlation across numerous basins dubious [ Christie-Blick ainsi que al., 1988 ]. Most other issue keeps worried about the deficiency of method of getting study you to definitely made-up the latest Haq contour, and thus independent confirmation of the number isn’t feasible [ Miall, 1992 ]. Provided this type of basic faults, Miall suggested the Haq curve in particular might be given up and you can perform can be focused on separate well-dated ideas, like those talked about throughout the after the.

In the last fifteen years, several really-dated deposit cores from a single region, this new Jersey (NJ) margin in the northeastern You, were used to produce a series stratigraphy listing from water peak over the past 10–100 Ma (sea-level to possess 0–nine Ma on the analysis because of the Miller mais aussi al. [2005a] are projected out-of good calibration of your ? 18 O list since Nj series stratigraphy number is actually incomplete away from 0 so you can 7 Ma) [ Miller ainsi que al., 2005a ; Kominz mais aussi al., 2008 ] (get a hold of Figure 1). By firmly taking into account compaction, loading, and you edarling online can subsidence of your deposit center (new backstripping method), a regional sea-level number was developed [ Browning ainsi que al., 2008 ]. New sequences are dated playing with a mixture of biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and you can strontium isotope stratigraphy, bringing ages manage better than ±0.5 Ma [ Kominz et al., 2008 ], that is a critical improve to the ±step three Ma many years errors of Haq curve [ Miall, 1992 ].